Crusades

 In the late 11th century, Jerusalem was controlled by the Muslims. This is Islam's 3rd holiest city but it is also the Holy City to Jews and Christians. In 1093, Emperor Alexius Comnenus wrote a letter to Pope Urban II
encouraging the Christians to recapture the Holy City. This began 200 years of religious military campaigns. Crusade means "taking of the cross". "Soldiers of the Church" took vows to take back the Holy City and were promised immediate remission for their sins by the Pope. the Muslims end up fighting off the Christians after 200 years of back and forth fighting. Religious intolerance grows and Christians and Muslims increase the rift between them.  

Start of Middle Ages

Roman emperor Constantine has a vision before a key battle, he orders troops to put a cross on their shield and
they win. Becomes Empire's official religion by 380 A.D. While Christianity strengthens, Rome weakens. The last Emperor is a
14-year-old boy named Romulus Augustulus in 476. The European Middle Ages lasted from 500-1500 A.D. This period had roots in classical Rome, Roman Catholicism, and the customs of Germanic tribes. Germanic invaders overran the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century and education greatly decreased. Small Germanic kingdoms arose in 400-600 and the Church survived to influence these leaders.

Notes 4/26

Roman emperor Constantine has a vision before a key battle, he orders troops to put a cross on their shield and
they win. Becomes Empire's official religion by 380 A.D. While Christianity strengthens, Rome weakens. The last Emperor is a
14-year-old boy named Romulus Augustulus in 476. The European Middle Ages lasted from 500-1500 A.D. This period had roots in classical Rome, Roman Catholicism, and the customs of Germanic tribes. Germanic invaders overran the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century and education greatly decreased. Small Germanic kingdoms arose in 400-600 and the Church survived to influence these leaders. Clovis brought Christianity to Gaul when he ruled the Franks. By 511, Clovis unites the Franks into 1 kingdom. Gregory I became Pope in 590 and the papacy became a worldly power. Charles Martel expanded the Frank kingdom and solidified Christian rule. Martel wins battle of Tours in 732 to fend off Muslim influence in Europe. Pepin the short took over power and started the Carolingian Dynasty. Once Pepin dies, Charlemagne rules the kingdom and expands the kingdom, reuniting Western Europe and spreading Christianity. In the late 11th century, Jerusalem was controlled by the Muslims. This is Islam's 3rd holiest city but it is also the Holy City to Jews and Christians. In 1093, Emperor Alexius Comnenus wrote a letter to Pope Urban II
encouraging the Christians to recapture the Holy City. This began 200 years of religious military campaigns. Crusade means "taking of the cross". "Soldiers of the Church" took vows to take back the Holy City and were promised immediate remission for their sins by the Pope. the Muslims end up fighting off the Christians after 200 years of back and forth fighting. Religious intolerance grows and Christians and Muslims increase the rift between them.    
  

Christianity and the Pax Romana

Roman rule spread to the Jewish province of Judea, the home of Jesus. Jesus grew in popularity and this worried the Roman and Jewish leaders. Pilate arrested Jesus and sentenced him to crucifixion. Christianity began to spread throughout the Empire. Paul spread the religion to much of the Empire and encouraged conversions to the faith. He wrote Epistles to groups of believers. The Jews tried to rebel against Roman rule but they were put down twice. The Romans then began to persecute the Christians. Christianity had attracted over a half a million followers at that point.

Middle Ages

The European Middle Ages lasted from 500-1500 A.D. This period had roots in classical Rome, Roman Catholicism, and the customs of Germanic tribes. Germanic invaders overran the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century and education greatly decreased. Small Germanic kingdoms arose in 400-600 and the Church survived to influence these leaders. Clovis brought Christianity to Gaul when he ruled the Franks. By 511, Clovis unites the Franks into 1 kingdom. Gregory I became Pope in 590 and the papacy became a worldly power. Charles Martel expanded the Frank kingdom and solidified Christian rule. Pepin the short took over power and started the Carolingian Dynasty.
 Once Pepin dies, Charlemagne rules the kingdom and expands the kingdom, reuniting Western Europe and spreading Christianity. In 300, Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne Emperor of Rome. Charlemagne crowned Louis the Pious Emperor right before his death. Louis is an ineffective ruler and his 3 sons fought for control of his kingdom. They eventually split the kingdom into 3 smaller sections at the treaty of Verdun. From 800-1000, invaders destroyed most of the remaining Frank kingdom, Vikings from the North, Magyars from the East, and Muslims from the South. Feudalism now begins in 911 and loyalty is to the lord and owner of the local estates. 

After test

Today in class we went over the test. I got an 88 but should've gotten a higher a because I accidently answered a question twice on my last question. We also talked about the school newspaper.

Pg. 168

Roman rule spread to the Jewish province of Judea, the home of Jesus. Jesus grew in popularity and this worried the Roman and Jewish leaders. Pilate arrested Jesus and sentenced him to crucifixion. Christianity began to spread throughout the Empire. Paul spread the religion to much of the Empire and encouraged conversions to the faith. He wrote Epistles to groups of believers. The Jews tried to rebel against Roman rule but they were put down twice. The Romans then began to persecute the Christians. Christianity had attracted over a half a million followers at that point. The Roman Emperor Constantine allowed Christianity in A.D 313. Peter became the first bishop of Rome who later became the Pope. Church leaders created the Nicene Creed to create a uniform statement of beliefs.   

Rome Review

- Rome's founding myths
  - Remus and Romulus raised by wolf
  - Virgil's Aeneid (Rome's Odyssey)
- Rome started with kings
- Tarquin is last Roman king
- Borrowed a lot of Greek culture
  - Religion
  - Alphabet
  - Art
  - Military techniques and weapons
- Rome became a republic
- Patricians hold control
- Patricians trace descent to a powerful, wealthy person
- Plebeians challenged Patrician dominance in 5th century B.C.
- Plebs had no rights
- Rome had no written laws (Law of 12 Tables)
- Tribunes represented Plebs in Assembly
- SPQR
   - Senatus Populusque Romanum
   - Designates decree of Roman Senate
- U.S gov modeled after Roman gov
  - Legislative- Senate (Rome:300 U.S:100) + Assembly or House (Rome:193 U.S: )
  - Judicial- Praetors or Supreme Court (Rome: 1yr U.S. Life)
  - Legal Code- 12 Tables or Bill of Rights
- 5,000 soldiers in a legion
  - elite infantry
  - recruited from Rome
- Punic Wars
-fought against Carthage

Rome pt. 4

After Caesar's assassination, Octavius, Caesar's grandnephew and adopted son was named ruler of Rome and started a new triumvirate with Mark Antony and Lepidus. Octavius eventually forced Lepidus to retire and beat Antony who teamed up with Cleopatra in the battle of Actium. Octavius was now the unchallenged ruler of Rome. Octavius is now called Caesar Augustus or "exalted one" and brought in the Pax Romana era or "Roman Peace" that lasted 200 years. This starts the beginning of the Roman empire and a new age of Emperors now rule.

Rome pt. 3

There were over 1 million slaves in Rome by the second century B.C. Rome gave free grain and entertainment to the plebs so that they remain alive but do not revolt. Julius Caesar formed the first Triumvirate with Pompey and Crassus. He crossed the Rubicon even though the Senate told him not to. 

Out Today

I was out today for a band trip

Rome Pt. 2

Plebeians made up 98% of the population but had no legal rights. Plebeians went on strike until they got written laws and had elected officials in office. The U.S. government is based on the Roman form of government. The Executive branch is the 2 consuls, the Legislative is the Senate and Assembly and the Judicial is the Praetors. Their legal code was the 12 tables posted in the forums for all to see.

Rome

The Latins first settled on the Tiber river, then the Etruscans, and then the Greeks. The Greeks were extremely influential on the Romans and traces of Greek life can be found in just about all parts of roman culture. The Romans thought that they were destined to rule because the believed that they were at the very middle of the Earth. That told them that the fates had set it up for the Romans to control everything. Tarquin the Proud was the seventh and final Roman king and was ran after town after attempting to cover up the rape of a woman by his son.

4/5

I was out today for my Great-Grandmother's funeral

out today

today I was out for my Great-Grandmother's viewing